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Ruthenian or Old Ruthenian (see other names) was the group of varieties of Eastern Slavonic spoken in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later in the East Slavic territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The written form is also called Chancery Slavonic by Lithuanian linguists.〔e.g., Elana Goldberg Shohamy and Monica Barni, ''Linguistic Landscape in the City'' (Multilingual Matters, 2010: ISBN 1847692974), p. 139: "(Grand Duchy of Lithuania ) adopted as its official language the literary version of Ruthenian, written in Cyrillic and also known as Chancery Slavonic"; Virgil Krapauskas, ''Nationalism and Historiography: The Case of Nineteenth-Century Lithuanian Historicism'' (East European Monographs, 2000: ISBN 0880334576), p. 26: "By the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Chancery Slavonic dominated the written state language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania"; Timothy Snyder, ''The Reconstruction Of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999'' (Yale University Press, 2004: ISBN 030010586X), p. 18: "Local recensions of Church Slavonic, introduced by Orthodox churchmen from more southerly lands, provided the basis for Chancery Slavonic, the court language of the Grand Duchy."〕 Scholars do not agree whether Ruthenian was a separate language or a Western dialect(s) of Old East Slavic, but it is agreed that Ruthenian has a close genetic relationship with it. Old East Slavic was the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' (10th–13th centuries).〔(Ukrainian language ), ''Encyclopædia Britannica''〕 Ruthenian can be seen as a predecessor of modern Belarusian, Rusyn and Ukrainian. Indeed all these languages, from Old East Slavic to Rusyn, have been labelled as ''Ruthenian'' ((ウクライナ語:Рутенська мова, русинська мова)). ==Nomenclature== In modern texts, the language in question is sometimes called "Old Belarusian" or ''starabiełaruskaja mova'' ((ベラルーシ語:“Старабеларуская мова”)) and "Old Ukrainian" or ''staroukrajinska mova'' ((ウクライナ語:“Староукраїнська мова”)). As Ruthenian was always in a kind of diglossic opposition to Church Slavonic, this vernacular language was and still is often called ''prosta(ja) mova'' (Cyrillic проста(я) мова), literally "simple language". On the other hand there exists a school of thought that Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian must be considered as separate historical languages. ;Names in contemporary use * ''Ruthenian'' (Old Belarusian: руски езыкъ) — by the contemporaries, but, generally, not in contemporary Russia. * * (variant) ''Simple Ruthenian'' or ''simple talk'' (Old Belarusian: простый руский (язык) or простая молва, про́ста мова) — publisher Grigoriy Khodkevich (16th century). * ''Lithuanian'' ((ロシア語:Литовский язык)) — possibly, exclusive reference to it in the contemporary Russia. Also by Zizaniy (end of the 16th century), Pamva Berynda (1653). ;Names in modern use * ''(Old) Ruthenian'' — modern collective name, covering both Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian languages, predominantly used by the 20th-century Lithuanian, also many Polish and English researchers. * ''(Old) West Russian'', language or dialect ((ロシア語:(Древний) западнорусский язык), (ロシア語:(Древнее) западнорусское наречие)) — chiefly by the supporters of the concept of the Proto-Russian phase, esp. since the end of the 19th century, e.g., by Karskiy, Shakhmatov. Russian Wikipedia uses the term ''West Russian written language'' (Западнорусский письменный язык). * ''(Old) Belarusian'' (language) — rarely in contemporary Russia. Also Kryzhanich. The denotation ''Belarusian'' (language) ((ロシア語:белорусский (язык))) when referring ''both'' to the 19th-century language and to the Medieval language had been used in works of the 19th-century Russian researchers Fyodor Buslayev, Ogonovskiy, Zhitetskiy, Sobolevskiy, Nedeshev, Vladimirov and Belarusian nationalists, such as Karskiy. * ''Lithuanian-Russian'' ((ロシア語:литовско-русский)) — by 19th-century Russian researchers Keppen, archbishop Filaret, Sakharov, Karatayev. * ''Lithuanian-Slavonic'' ((ロシア語:литово-славянский)) — by 19th-century Russian researcher Baranovskiy.〔Cited in Улащик Н. Введение в белорусско-литовское летописание. — М., 1980.〕 * ''Russian-Polish'' or even ''Polish dialect'' — Shtritter, Polish researcher Samuel Bogumił Linde, Polish writer Wisniewski. Notably, the definition had been used even when referencing to Skaryna’s translation of Bible. * ''Old Ukrainian'' or ''staroukrajinska mova'' ((ウクライナ語:“Староукраїнська мова”)). * ''Chancery Slavonic'' (see above). *''ruski'' — used by Norman Davies in ''Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe''. Note that ISO/DIS 639-3 and SIL currently assigns the code rue for the language which is documented with native name "русин (''rusyn'')", that they simply named "Ruthenian" in English (and "''ruthène''" in French) instead "modern Ruthenian" (and "ruthène moderne" in French) : this code is now designated as the Rusyn language. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ruthenian language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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